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Arterial hypertension

The arterial hypertension is a pathological situation characterized by a long increase in pressure indicators in the arteries of a large blood circulation.A sign of the disease is the rise of diastolic (low) blood pressure, but in most of the diagnosed cases, patients have a constant growth of systolic (upper) pressure.

Which pressure is taken into account

The classification of blood pressure adopted in 1999 is still in force so far.The following are considered normal:

  • Optimal - less than 120/80 mm HG.Art.;
  • The physiological norm is less than 130/85 mm.Art.;
  • Normally increased - in the range of 130-139 / 85-89 mm HG.The art.

The increase in pressure shows the formation of hypertension.The internal gradation of pathology appears as follows:

  1. Soft (I rate) - 140-159 / 90-99 mm Hg.The art.
  2. Medium (secondary secondary) - 160-179 / 100-109 mm Hg.The art.
  3. Heavy (rate III) - more than 180/110.

Border weapons are diagnosed in 140-149/90 mm HG in case of indicators.The art.And below.Pressure growth is accompanied by episodes and its spontaneous stabilization.

Insulated systolic hypertension is diagnosed with indicators of 140 and up / 90 or lower.The art.This pathological type is characterized by the growth of systolic indicator at the physiological level of pathological diastolic.

AG classification (primary, secondary)

The classification of hypertension is based on several signs.If systematic doctors took into account:

  • Reasons to ensure the development of pathology;
  • to be defeated by the target authorities;
  • The current level of blood pressure, etc.

Depending on the etiological factors, it is customary:

  1. Primary (important).
  2. Average (symptomatic) hypertension.

With the nature of the passage, the arterial hypertension is different from the arterial hypertension, with the nature of evil.

Types of secondary (symptomatic) hypertension

Secondary (symptomatic) Arterial Hypertension is a type of disease that causes harmony to the bodies responsible for the regulation of blood pressure.A stubborn course, a positive reaction to the hypotensive therapy, as well as the change of the target organs, especially the heart, kidney failure, etc.

If the initial hypertension (main format) occurs as an independent disease, then secondary forms are always a sign of basic pathology.Arterial hypertension syndrome accompanies a fairly significant disease.10% of the most continuous increase in blood pressure are diagnosed.

Symptomatic hypertension classification is based on the factors that provoke the disease.

DIFFERENT:

  1. Neurogenic hypertension.The development center is related to the lesion of the nervous system and related pathologies, for example, the neoplasy of the brain.
  2. Nephibogenic (kidney-origin).They are divided into interstitial, renoparenchimal, rebrasion and rhinopia forms.
  3. Endocrine AG.There are formats of adrenal, thyroid, pituitosis and menopause.
  4. Hemodynamik - incited with the pathologies of heart and large arterial channels.
  5. Dosage form.Its development is oral contraceptives, glucocorticostosteroid agents, etc.Is due to the use of.

The size and resistance of blood pressure increases, the severity of changes in the position of the left ventricular and fundus is another classification.Doctors distinguish the following types of symptomatic hypertension:

  1. Transient.Pathological, usually a short increase in each other's pressure.The changes in the province of Fundus do not exist completely.The left ventricular hypertrophy is almost stable.
  2. Laby.Characterized by moderate, short increase in blood pressure (independent decrease).There is a hypertrophy of weak left ventricles, there is a narrowing of the veins of the eye retina.
  3. Fixed.Accompanied by continuous high pressure.The thickening of the myocardium is diagnosed with severe violations on the vessels of fundus.
  4. Malignant (uncontrolled).Accompanied by a sharp increase in blood pressure.The result is unfavorable.

The following forms of symptomatic hypertension are found:

  • Pulpation Hypertension (a thumbnail healing hypertension).It is established in diagnosis while determining blood pressure in more than 25 mm lung artery.Rt.The art.
  • Vasorsenal Ah is the second rate of pathology due to the insufficient blood circulation in the kidneys as a result of arterial transmission.
  • Portal hypertension is one of the types of symptomatic form of illness accompanied by increasing pressure inside the door.
  • Hypertension of Virsungov.The chronic inflammation of the pancreas is developing in the background.

Results and complications

The vessels of the target authorities, which are a long-running hypertension, are damaged: heart, brain, kidneys and eyes.The violation of the blood circulation can lead to such results:

  • angina pectoral attacks,
  • myocardial infarktion,
  • Neurological complications, etc.

Important!The formation of a sharp situation against the background of the sharp increase in the blood pressure of acute states requires its reduction within its first minutes.

Reasons

The reasons for the development of the necessary form of pathology are unknown to doctors.Several theories are put forward:

  1. Neurogenic (inherited).The cause of development is chronic stress, significant emotional blows and psychological injuries.All this causes failure in the process of neural adjustment, accompanied by an increase in the activity of the mystery system.The result is the increase in signals to all bodies and a total of the walls of the ships.
  2. Voluminous salt.Due to the impairment of the consequences of the liquid and certain trace elements.As a result of the excessive amount of sodium salts, the volume of blood is generated.Attempts to protect the hemostazis process in the body level in physiological levels cause the spaseness of small vessels.The indicators of the minute of the heart have stabilized, but the overall blood pressure is raised.

Important!Doctors claim that the cause of the development of the AH is an increase in the sympathetic system.

Risk factors that cause modified (variable) arterial hypertension:

  • Age - diagnosis of the disease occurs in people of the old age category;
  • Bad habits - smoking, alcohol intake;
  • the state of chronic stress;
  • inadequate physical activity;
  • overweight;
  • Contagious pathologies - diabetes are particularly unfavorable;
  • Excessive salt with lack of potassium.

The reasons for the increase in blood pressure may be different.The active case of the adrenal glands can also act as a trend, an incense factor in the genetic level.

Symptoms

In the early stage of formation, arterial hypertension is asymptomatic.The patient will learn only after the development of serious complications about the presence of a problem.

The only sign of pathology can be called the increase in pressure indicators.There are no complaints or they are not special:

  • headache located behind the forehead and head;
  • dizziness;
  • the noise.

The first complaints occur in the background of the defeat of the target authorities.The appearance of the following symptoms is recorded at this stage:

  • The dizziness, accompanied by headaches, noises, is created as a logical result of blood circulation disorders;
  • the beginning of the problems related to information;
  • Numbness / legs numbness;
  • weakness;
  • twice the visible image;
  • Flip blackheads in the field of appearance;
  • speech violation (rarely);
  • nephropathy.

Symptoms are typical for the final stages.They come in the head of pathological formation.

By damaging the heart, the left ventricle (LV) begins hypertrophic.The cause of change is the body's compensation reaction of the body, which allows you to stabilize the body's growing loads.The growth in the ventriculation is due to the increase in the number of cardioms.As the situation worsens, heart rooms are expanding.

The body can show itself in the form of such damage:

  • The formation of heart failure,
  • Sudden heart catch,
  • Ischemic disease,
  • Gastric rhythm diseases,
  • Heart Asthma,
  • Strong shortness of breath during loads.

Important!During the definiteness period or emotionally excessively growing period, Cardie pain develops in the background of AG.A characteristic feature is that the attack cannot stop with glycerol pill.

If the kidneys are damaged, there may be a protein in the urine.The appearance of blood impurities is not ruled out.The probability of kidney failure is minimal.

Urinary analysis for arterial hypertension

The main clinical sign of the arterial hypertension is a headache.At any time of day, but most of the morning appears.It feels like an exploding or pain by the patient.The location of localization is the back of the head, but the spread of the heads into other areas is not ruled out.During the foolishness and cough, it hurts.May occur in response to stressful situations, physical tension.

Diagnosis

The diagnosis of the disease is designed to solve the following problems:

  • Establishment of pathology, determination of the current degree;
  • Determining the origin of hypertension (primary / secondary form);
  • exercise differential diagnosis;
  • Determining / lack of damage to the target authorities.

The doctor finds the necessary points during a personal conversation with the patient:

  1. There are disease in the nearby environment.
  2. How often the pressure is corrected.
  3. The patient has a history of chronic diseases, etc.

The body mass index (BMI) is calculated.Obesity is one of the potential provocations of the formation of hypertension.

Blood pressure is measured after the inspection is completed.To determine the arterial hypertension rate, the patient is determined by the performance of the blood pressure profile, ie measurements to patients at home.4 You need to measure: two times in the morning and twice in the evening.

The results should be entered on the table.If the indicators are more than 140/90 mm hg.Art. We can talk about the presence of arterial hypertension.

Sometimes a brush is assigned (daily monitoring of blood pressure).The technique is displayed if the patient's measurements remain normal, but another symptom of the disease occurs.

Important!Smad is a numerous measurement of blood pressure indicators for a full day.Measurements are performed by a special device.

The following are determined to create a true reason for the development of arterial hypertension and determine the power of damage to the target organs:

  • The examination of the kidney system.Urinary research - includes a general test.Re-structure of the renal system, the ultraction of the information system with the application of a radioactive isotope.
  • Heart test.ECG is used (electrocardiogram shows the rise of the road), ECHOCardiography (pathological growth of pathological growth in the left ventricle).
  • Ophthalmological examination of the eye.A sign of the disease is a visual impenity of blood vessels, sealed.Bleeding is not excluded.
  • Ultra of thyroid gland and adrenal glands.
  • Blood examination is a common test and expanded biochemistry.

You need to make differential diagnosis (different) when diagnosing the second form of hypertension.Passes in two stages:

  • Analysis of the clinical landscape, increasing complaints, patient physics examination, especially Auscultation, instrumental / laboratory studies;
  • Diagnostic measures, especially the cardiogram, which allow you to assess the functional condition of the organs and existing changes, you need to remove the cardiogram.

The methods chose to confirm the diagnosis, identify the origin of the disease and select adequate therapy to the state.

Treatment

Hypertension's treatment begins with a revision of non-lifestyle and therapy therapy.Exception is secondary hypertension.

The drug treatment of the arterial hypertension ensures the adoption of the following drug groups:

  1. Diuretics.Have a positive impact on the condition of the medicines of the cardiovascular system.Admission is not accompanied by the development of side effects.The therapy of the disease begins with diuretics (counter-controlled - diabetes and gout).Against the background of treatment, the volume of urine raised by the kidneys and therefore excess water and sodium salts are growing.Diuritycs are assigned along with other hypertension.
  2. Alpha-blockers.The drugs are different from good tolerance.They do not affect the level of blood sugar.Decreased blood pressure with a slight increase in the pulse (a frequency of heart muscle).The formation of orthostatic hypotension in the head of this group with drugs has a side effect.It is recommended to take medicine before bed to exclude development.
  3. Beta-blockers.Reduce the heart rate accompanied by a reduction in blood pressure.
  4. Ace inhibitor.Modern medications differ in a high therapeutic effect and good tolerance.Against the background of taking funds on the patient's body, the form of angiotens - a hormone that causes the lumen of blood vessels does not occur.Thanks to this, peripheral ships are expanding, the heart works in a quieter rhythm.There is a reduction in blood pressure indicators.
  5. Antagonists Angiotensin-II.Drugs also block Angiotens II.If it is not possible to get ACE inhibitors, they are assigned.
  6. Calcium antagonists.Drugs expand the gaps of blood vessels, and thus prevent the development of the stroke.Drugs have an excellent therapeutic effect and are well tolerated.Have a small list of contraindates.Assigned as part of the most complex therapy.

After stabilizing blood pressure, it is strictly forbidden to stop the treatment.In this case, the disease will begin to advance, which will have a negative impact on the situation of the target organs.In addition, the risk of developing heart attack and stroke is growing significantly.

The treatment of the disease is carried out on the outpatient basis: the patient receives selected medications independently.Recommended only in the hospital in the hospital in serious cases.

The treatment of pathology provides massage along with taking medicines.Procedures not only to reduce pressure, but also to improve the operation of the body, and so on.Read more about different types of massage in our article: high blood pressure - massage with classic, dot and other effective methods.

Nutrition

Compatibility with the principles of dietitization is one of the important stages to stabilize blood pressure indicators.With hypertension, the number 10 diet is recommended.

At the initial stage of the pathological (AH 1 degree), it is necessary to follow the number 5 diet.The table provides restrictions on use of salt.The deterioration of the state and the development of violations in the hearts and the vascular system, the number 5 is recommended

If the disease is complicated by atherosclerosis, diet № 10 C., hypocholesterol diet, animal origin, is designed to reduce the consumed oils of digested carbohydrates.The diet should include high-content foods of dietary fibers, vegetable oils and proteins.

The list of allowed products is provided by the following positions:

  • Bread - wheat, rye, whole grain, with dandruff.Non-iliving bread, bread.
  • Experienced vegetable soups with grain.
  • Dietary meat types: Poultry, Rabbit.Boiling and cooking is allowed.
  • Sea / Tea fish.Seafood.
  • Seasonal vegetables.You can prepare a stew from them.
  • Sour products and low-fat products.Low -Fat sour cream (placed in food).
  • Soft eggs (not more than 3 pieces per week).
  • Milk and tomato sauces.
  • Croats, pasta.
  • Fat (to add to the finished food).
  • Fruit / berry (in any form).It can be used to prepare compote, jelly, jelly.
  • Juices, milky tea, rose decoction.

Should be completely excluded from the diet:

  • Fresh baked bread, SDoba, ink pastes.
  • Favarous broths.
  • Oily meat.
  • Foggy meat, sausage.
  • Fish (salted / smoked), spawn.
  • Oil sauces, cheeses, cream.
  • Spring, Turp, Spinach, Horseradish, Mushrooms.
  • Ice cream, chocolate, sweets, strong tea, coffee.

Salt consumption should be significantly reduced.

Salt with arterial hypertension

Prevention

The prevention of the disease is unstable.Standard recommendations:

  1. Exclude or reduce the volume of certain products, adhere to the principles of dietary nutrition.Reduce animal salt and oil consumption.During the meal, the dish is usually recommended to suck.Fat / sharp / fried foods need to be refused.
  2. Daily physical activity in accordance with the age group.Gymnastics develops a person who performs.It is recommended to visit the run, walking, swimming, gym, work exercises.At the beginning of the lessons the body should take a minimum load.You need to gradually increase.
  3. Avoid normalization is one of the conditions for successful prevention.
  4. How to control how stressful situations need to be learned, because doctors are almost a violation of the central nervous system for almost the main reason for the development of the disease.Opocation, meditation, self-torture helps it.
  5. Complete rejection of bad habits.Smoking and alcohol are also capable of provoking the patrical.

Pathophysiology, an arterial hypertension considers one of the most serious pathologies, it can cause the patient's life, but to death.Therefore, when the episodes of the growing blood pressure need to be consulted and needed to be treated when necessary.